замена

см. тж. для замены в случае необходимости

• Aluminium alloys have been used as alternatives to copper for overhead lines.

• Changing the plasticizer from nitroglycerine to diethylene glycol dinitrate produces better physical properties.

• Machines with provision for very rapid change-over (or changing) from one component to another ...

• Replacement of the OH group in acetic acid ...

• Replacing the vacuum tubes with (or by) transistors offered the benefit of greater reliability.

• Direct substitution of titanium fasteners for all the steel fasteners (замена титановыми крепёжными деталями всех стальных деталей) used in a heavy bomber results in an airframe weight reduction exceeding 1500 pounds.